In principle, many small coffee farms practice organic farming even though they are not certified organic. Organic certification is expensive, extensive, and time-consuming, which presents a significant hurdle for smaller producers. Therefore, even non-organic certified coffee can come from sustainable organic farming. In some cases, the barriers listed below simply prevent certification for small farms in the foreseeable future.
One example is coffee from Kenya or Ethiopia. Here, coffee cultivation is largely carried out on small-scale farms. The coffee bushes often grow in forest gardens among other crops. The shade of the trees slows the coffee plants' growth, which increases the quality and improves the taste of the coffee. Fertilization is usually done with organic substances from the farm itself.
Since very few smallholder farmers can process their coffee cherries themselves after harvesting, they deliver them to so-called "washing stations." In this process, several smallholder farmers join together to form a cooperative so that their coffee beans can be processed for export. Due to the large number of small coffee farms that supply a washing station, organic certification for all members is often difficult to achieve. Therefore, there are very few certified organic coffees from Kenya or Ethiopia, even though most of them are grown according to organic farming principles.